Introduction This study is geared towards the rehabilitation of indigenous sex offenders. Specifically, the study intends to look into the possible ways to rehabilitate these offenders and access the effectiveness of the current practices of rehabilitation institutions in This research proposal discusses in detail the background, general purpose of the study. Moreover, the objectives of the study and the research statements are presented. Here, vital concepts, questions and assumptions are stated. Finally, the scope and limitation of the study, overview of the methodology used and the significance of the research are discussed. Statement of the Problem Generally, the purpose of this study is to conduct a study on evaluate the current status of rehabilitation of sex offenders in 1. What are the psychologists and police officers' perceptions of the characteristics associated to deviant behavior leading to sex crimes? 2. What are the variables that significantly affect the perception of the psychologists and police officers' regarding the nature of sex crimes? 3. Does an environment affect the behavior of an individual that leads to sex crime? 4. What is the current status of rehabilitation practices of Australian authority regarding sex offenders as perceived by the Australian rehabilitation officials? Hypothesis of the Study Based on the research questions the research project works out on the following null hypotheses: 1. Respondents' perception regarding the deviant behavior of an individual has no significant relationship to environment factors. 2. An individual with deviant behavior has no significant relationship to natural behavior. 3. The perception of respondents regarding the current status of rehabilitation practices of Australian authority to sex offenders has no significant relationship to the ideal rehabilitation practices for sex offenders. Objectives Assessing the relationship of environment effect and natural behavior of an individual in accordance to sex offenders tends to become a tedious task. Basically, sex offender is an individual who has been criminally accused and convicted of, or has pled guilty to, a sex crime (Kennedy & Thompson, 2000). Basically, this study aims to analyze the different factors affecting to the behavior of a sex offender. It attempts to analyze the different and determine if being a sex offender is environmental effect or it is born naturally. Knowing the behavior of an individual with this kind of behavior will assist psychologists in establishing proper care, treatment, and health care development programs. Furthermore, the analysis regarding the current status of rehabilitation of sex offenders in Moreover, the perceptions of psychologists regarding sex offenders' behavior were analyzed. To address this objective, the researcher explores the nature of individual with this kind of maladaptive behavior. Furthermore, many factors could attribute to the behavior of these individuals. The objectives of this study will be to:
Apparently, a survey is conducted to psychologists to determine what attributes affect their criteria in identifying the factors in maladaptive behavior of an individual leading to sex offender. An interview takes place to know what are their problems and concerns regarding the behavior determination of this type of individual. Finally, this research comes up with pertinent findings, and provides insightful recommendations on determining the factors of an individual that leads to sex crimes. Literature Review The term "behavior" generally refers to the actions or response of an object or organism/individual, usually in relation to the environment or surrounding world of stimuli. In this paper, the analysis regarding the rehabilitation of sex offenders with regards to their behaviors as perceived by rehabilitation authorities was analyzed. Basically, this part of the paper shall be discussing the findings of related researches to this study. It shall provide a discussion on the significance of this study to the existing literature. The contents of this portion of the study is gathered and collated from its secondary data. Furthermore, the discussion about behavior and sex crime are facilitated. What is Behavior? As pointed out before, the term "behavior" usually refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism/individual, usually in relation to the environment or surrounding world of stimuli. It is almost given that as the field of behavior analysis grows, its understanding of the environmental and biological causes of problem behavior i.e. maladaptive behavior, the professional and social importance of those findings also needs to be established. As of late, research only tends toward brief analyses of behavior in highly artificial settings. Although necessary for identifying the reinforcers, stimulus controls and establishing operations associated with problem behavior, much current research is of questionable social validity. In 1991, Fawcett noted that for the most part, the application of behavioral techniques has been done to humanely improve people's quality of life. Often the focus of these efforts has been on behavioral excesses that lead to self-injury, property damage or aggression toward others. Behavioral techniques now exist that allow people with behavior problems to live in typical community settings and contribute to those communities. The efforts that led to these advances have been referred to as behavior modification, applied behavior analysis, functional assessment and positive behavior supports. Also, such techniques are grounded in the experimental analysis of behavior to the extent that what is known about punishers, rewards, motivation, choice and other behavioral processes derived from basic research are being successfully applied to behavior problems. As a result, the experimental analysis of problem behavior has become routine among behavior analysts. That laboratory findings have such real world application is a noteworthy accomplishment for behavior analysis, and is probably the basis for the discipline's growing influence in human services professions. Indeed to understand problem behavior researchers need to understand the social context in which it occurs. The observation that discrete behaviors occur within social situations is not new to behavior analysis. Fawcett (1991) argued that the social validity of behavior change is at least as important as the behavior change itself. That is, the behaviors selected for change, the interventions themselves, and their results are not completely analyzed until their social impact is incorporated into a behavior analysis. Sex Crimes Sex is the most powerful instinct (Conte, 1988). It has been the inspiration for great poetry, art, sacrifice — and murder. Sexual passion lurks a millimetre beneath the surface of the mildest life like a wild animal. Without warning, it can explode into violent action —sex crime. Actually, sex crime indubitably has its archetypal and historical referents, its grounding in the social verities of male-made gods and heroes, scapegoating, and religious sacrifice (Conte, 1988). Yet sex crime in the form of the sex abuse is a modern practice. Actually, sex crime is a key sign of the times, a root paradigm, a practice that expresses precisely what the patriarchal world in which we are living and dying is doing. Basically, sex crimes are varieties of human sexual behavior that are crimes. And the one who commit this crime is an offender. These sex crimes are often called crimes of violence that engage in sex (Conte, 1988). In addition, violators of social practices, such as indecent exposure or exhibitionism, and incest are also one of the sex crimes. Actually, these crimes are imposed to offenders depending on their culture and practice. As a general rule, the law in some nation often mediates in sexual activity. Synthesis From the above literature, it has been argued that for a complete understanding of problem behavior particularly maladaptive behavior to emerge, an analysis of its social validity is necessary. All behaviors of interest have a social component that contributes to whether the behavior occurs. In many cases that social aspect of behavior is directly related to the environmental contingencies that maintain responding. In other cases the social nature of behavior rests in how environments are configured by others and how they react to occurrences and non-occurrences of problem behavior, as well as the support strategies designed to decrease their occurrence. The field of behavior analysis particularly to sex crimes has made important strides in understanding the nature of problem behavior. Importantly, those insights into the reinforcers that are mediated by others in a person's environment are also leading to an improved understanding of the biological causes of problem behavior. Given this past progress, it is likely that more and more cases of problem behavior, including complex rule-governed and/or biological causes, will yield to analysis and improve behavior analysts' understanding of behavior. (Kennedy & Thompson, 2000) Research Methodology Research Design The study intends to investigate the perception of psychologists and police officers regarding the maladaptive behavior that leads to sex crimes. For this study, primary research and secondary research will be used. Moreover, the descriptive research method will be utilized. In this method, it is possible that the study would be cheap and quick. It could also suggest unanticipated hypotheses. Nonetheless, it would be very hard to rule out alternative explanations and especially infer causations. Thus, this study will use the descriptive approach. This descriptive type of research utilizes observations in the study. To illustrate the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) guided the researcher when he stated: Descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. Primary research is conducted using questionnaire surveys that are sent to the psychologists and police officers. Here, the questionnaires will be used to collect quantitative data and the interviews will be used to provide qualitative insights into the data collected. Apparently, secondary data are based from the recent literatures related deviant behavior particularly sex crimes, ethics and values. As stated above, this research will partially base its findings through quantitative research methods because this permits a flexible and iterative approach. During data gathering the choice and design of methods are constantly modified, based on ongoing analysis. This study will also employ qualitative research method because it will try to find and build theories that will explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements in research. Through this method, qualitative elements that do not have standard measures such as behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs within the health institution domain will be analyzed. Sampling Technique The general population for this study is composed of psychologists and police officers. Basically these respondents are asked regarding the current status of sex offender behaviors and their personal views about this kind of behavior. Basically, Where: n = a sample size N= population size e= desired margin of error (percent allowance for non-precision because of the use of the sample instead of the population). This research study has a broad range of topics regarding status of rehabilitation programs in Limitations This research study only covers the perception of psychologists and police officers related to sex crime and rehabilitation of sex offenders. The outcome of this study is limited only to the data gathered from books and journals about sex offenders and rehabilitation, behavior and ethics and from the primary data gathered from the result of the questionnaire survey and interview that were conducted by the researcher. As the research was completed in a relatively short period of time other factors and variables were not considered. This might have an impact on the results of the study. |
Research Proposal Sample on Smoking among school children 9thgrade to 12th grade in the sultanate of Oman
TITLE/Name of the proposal: Factors affecting smoking among school (9th &12th) grade in Oman : Smoking among school children 9thgrade to 12th grade in the sultanate of Oman 1-INTRODUCTION The age of smoking initiation has dropped over the past four decades. Since behaviors and attitudes adopted in late childhood or early adolescence predicts future smoking, it is important to understand the smoking and other risk-taking behaviors and attitudes of children aged 12 and younger. There supports the idea of early identification and targeting of children at high risk of smoking in middle school, possibly as early as grade seven. 2-AIM OF THE STUDY a- There is a need to amicably evaluate such knowledge, attitude as well as behavior of school children in Oman those in 9 th and 12 th grade and inform them with regards to the consequences of smoking mostly affecting their health conditions; b- There is utmost goal for describing substantial affective factors associated wi
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